All digital zenith cameras share basically the same construction principles--they consist of optical tube with imaging device (usually a CCD assembly) on a mount, equipped with precision tiltmeter (preferably biaxial), which can be rotated around vertical axis.

In this case, theta is used for the 'vertical' or 'zenith' angle, ranging from theta=0 (the Z axis) to theta=PI (the -Z axis). phi is used for the azimuth angle. Other texts will use different conventions - but this seems to be favoured by physicists and (some) mathematics texts.

When working in a 2D coordinate system you could say that X is the horizontal axis and Y is the vertical axis.. Extending this to 3D, is there a similar word for the Z axis? (I'm aware of Width, Height and Depth, but obviously horizontal and vertical aren't synonymous to width and height, which is why I don't want to call the Z axis the depth axis.)

The vertical angle is then the angle from the zenith down to the line of observation. Points on equal elevation (horizontal plane) to the theodolite will therefore be at 90 degrees. Basically the precision for our vertical angle measurement will determine the accuracy of measured positions.

The axis of the instrument being adjusted vertical, and the plane of the circle in the meridian, and facing the cast, let b, 1, and r be the zenith distances of a star, as shown by the bottom, left add right microscopes respectively.

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Vertical Tracking Axis For the vertical tracking axis case, the tracking axis become collinear with the zenith axis and Equations and simplifies to (4.20) where by convention the tracking angle is counterclockwise about the zenith.

Times, Sunday Times (2010) The vertical axis shows the ratio of international prices to domestic prices. Pass, Christopher, Lowes, Bryan Collins Dictionary of Economics ( 1993 ) At such depths the weight of the surrounding earth exerts tremendous stresses on vertical trench walls.

(comparative more vertical, superlative most vertical) Along the direction of a plumbline or along a straight line that includes the center of the Earth . In a two dimensional Cartesian co-ordinate system, describing the axis oriented normal (perpendicular, at right angles) to the horizontal axis.

Vertical is a see also of horizon. As nouns the difference between vertical and horizon is that vertical is a vertex or zenith while horizon is the horizontal line that appears to separate the earth from the sky. As a adjective vertical is along the direction of a plumbline or along a straight line that includes the center of the earth.

parameters: (1) the gingival zenith position (GZP) from the vertical bisected midline (VBM) along the long axis of each individual maxillary anterior tooth; and (2) the gingival zenith level (GZL) of the lateral incisors in an apical-coronal direction relative to the gingival line joining

P1.17 COHERENCE OF VERTICAL VELOCITY FROM A ZENITH-POINTING DOPPLER LIDAR Shane D. Mayor and Donald H. Lenschow National Center for Atmospheric Research†, Boulder, CO 1.

If there are three vertical dead bolts -and a key-in-knob lock- the door can be softened by utilizing modified through-the-lock technique before being forced conventionally with an axe and halligan.

Vertical angles are usually needed to move over vertical obstacle and for trigonometric leveling (explained in other chapter). Vertical angles Horizon is parallel to the earth surface, and zenith is perpendicular to the horizon.

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Mar 29, 2010· The gingival zenith is the most apical aspect of free gingival margin. The purpose of this study was to quantify some clinical parameters useful as esthetic guidelines when gingival contour is modified and to compare the left and right sides of six maxillary anterior teeth.

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Another angle often referred to is the zenith angle. This is defined as the angle in the vertical plane between the direction vertically above the instrument and the line of ... distance between the theodolite vertical axis and the vertically positioned target) and the vertical (the distance between the target and the vertically positioned ...

But on a (vertical) wall, one can draw both vertical and horizontal lines. In this sense, a vertical wall allows more options. In this sense, a vertical wall allows more options. This is reflected in the tools a bricklayer uses: a plumb line for verticality and a spirit level …

Vertical angles are measured on a plane passing through the vertical axis perpendicular to the horizontal plane. In order to facilitate the trigonometric calculations of horizontal and vertical distance, the reference or zero angle is on the vertical axis directly above the instrument, which is termed the zenith …

Horizontal machining occurs on a horizontal machining center (HMC), which employs a spindle that is parallel to the ground floor. With a horizontally oriented spindle, tools stick out of the side of the tool holder and cut across the side of a workpiece, encouraging chips to fall away from the table.

Dec 11, 2017· It has long had the same general look. A sighting telescope rotates on a vertical axis. A circular scale rotates on this same axis to measure the horizontal angle. A second axis, the trunnion axis ...

Single axis solar trackers can either have a horizontal or a vertical axis. The horizontal type is used in tropical regions where the sun gets very high at noon, but the days are short.

of, constituting, or resulting in vertical combination. of or relating to a product or service from initial planning to sale. of, relating to, or noting a stratified society, nation, etc.

Economics of, constituting, or resulting in vertical combination. Business of or pertaining to a product or service from initial planning to sale. of, pertaining to, or noting a stratified society, nation, etc.

vertical suggests a line or direction rising straight upward toward a zenith. the side of the cliff is almost vertical perpendicular may stress the straightness of a line making a right angle with any other line, ... a shirt with vertical stripes the vertical axis of a graph

The zenith is an imaginary point directly "above" a particular location, on the imaginary celestial sphere. "Above" means in the vertical direction opposite to the apparent gravitational force at that location. The opposite direction, i.e. the direction in which gravity pulls, is toward the nadir.The zenith is the "highest" point on the celestial sphere.

Once a Face Left and Face Right reading have been taken and the angle corrected to allow for Vertical Circle Index error, you can adjust the theodolite (if you know how to do it) so that it …

is that vertical is a vertex or zenith while azimuth is an arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as, the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying.

of, constituting, or resulting in vertical combination. of or relating to a product or service from initial planning to sale. of, relating to, or noting a stratified society, nation, etc.

A zenith camera is an astrogeodetic telescope used today primarily for the local surveys of Earth's gravity field. Zenith cameras are designed as transportable field instruments for the direct observation of the plumb line (astronomical coordinates) and vertical deflections .

The vertical axis, which 13 cast in one piece, and strongly framed, carriee at its back three levels, one above the other, which being read off at the moment the star is bisected, determine the position of the axis with respect to the zenith.

ordinate, abscissa - The ordinate or Y axis is vertical; the abscissa or X axis is horizontal. vertical integration - The merging of companies that are within the chain of companies that handle a single item from raw material production to retail sale.

ordinate, abscissa - The ordinate or Y axis is vertical; the abscissa or X axis is horizontal. vertical integration - The merging of companies that are within the chain of companies that handle a single item from raw material production to retail sale.

Total Station and Angle Measurements. Total Station Instruments Capable of measuring o Angles in both the horizontal and vertical planes, o Slope distances Can trigonomet rically convert slope distances to their horizontal and vertical components of distances o Can compute XYZ coordinates of …

Tracking of One-Axis Trackers William F. Marion and P. Dobos Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-58891 . ... θz Zenith angle, angle between a ray from the sun and the vertical, 0° to +90°. ... unit normals and the vertical axis are used to derive equations for the surface tilt and azimuth.

15 CHAPTER 2 GEODESY AND DATUMS IN NAVIGATION GEODESY, THE BASIS OF CARTOGRAPHY 200. Definition Geodesy is the science concerned with the exact positioning of points on the surface of the Earth.